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German Media Fears Putin Preparing New ‘Raw Materials Trap’ for West_我的网站

A |     Vladimir Putin has prepared a cunning new “raw materials trap” relying on Bolivia’s fledgling lithium mining industry, with the trap expected to “snap shut” and leave the West again dependent on Russia for its raw material needs, Welt contributor Tobias Kaufer fears.,Pointing to the Latin American nation’s massive, untapped deposits of lithium, Kaufer expressed concerns over Russia’s interest in helping Sucre tap these resources, which are crucial for the production of batteries for electric vehicles.,According to the US Geological Survey, Bolivia’s proven lithium reserves are the largest in the world, with the country’s 21 million tons ahead of Argentina and Chile (which have 19 and 9.8 million tons-worth of reserves, respectively, and together account for more than 30 percent of global lithium output).,“Those with access to the deposits can have a say in the commodity’s prices and availability. Russia apparently has particularly good chances in Bolivia at the moment,” Kaufer wrote. For Europe, he warned, Moscow’s success in the lithium ‘poker game’ would make the commodity another area where the EU depends on Russia, just like with oil and gas.,Russia’s success will be contingent on “the outcome of the Bolivian political crime thriller,” the contributor stressed, pointing to the raging struggle between President Luis Arce, a member of former president Evo Morales’ Movement for Socialism party, and right-wing forces backed by the US attempting to overthrow leftist forces.,Ex-Bolivian President Jeanine Anez Sentenced to 10 Years in Prison Over 2019 Coup11 June, 01:54 GMT,“This is where Russia comes in. Morales is considered a clear supporter of Vladimir Putin,” Kaufer wrote, recalling the former president’s calls for an “international mobilization to stop the interventionist expansionism of NATO and the United States” in March following the escalation of the crisis in Ukraine, and years of efforts by Sucre to shore up ties with Moscow during his presidency.,“If Moscow now succeeds in supporting the socialist’s return to power, the path to the lithium deposits would be clear. At the very least, Morales could urge President Arce to sign a deal with the Russians,” the Welt contributor believes.,Rosatom, the Russian state nuclear giant, has expressed interest in helping Bolivia tap its lithium riches, and is one of six companies which have applied for their development. Others include Lilac Solutions (a US-based start-up with investments from BMW and Bill Gates’ Breakthrough Energy Ventures), Chinese battery giant CATL, and three other Chinese companies.,Along with its interest in Bolivia’s lithium, Rosatom has teamed up with Norilsk Nickel to mine for lithium ores in Russia’s Murmansk region. Last year, the company also announced plans to build a major lithium ion cell manufacturing facility in Kaliningrad, with the ambitious project hoping to begin churning out up to 4 GWh worth of batteries, or about 0.5 percent of total global demand, by 2024.,Morales' Legacy: Bolivian Joint Nuclear Project With Russia's Rosatom Unique for Latin America10 June 2021, 16:53 GMT。

B |     2024年4月26日，第十四届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第九次会议表决通过《中华人民共和国学位法》，自2025年1月1日起施行。学位制度是我国教育基本制度。1980年制定的《中华人民共和国学位条例》是我国第一部教育法律，确立了我国学位制度，在促进高层次人才培养、推动高等教育事业和经济社会发展等方面发挥了重要作用。随着我国进入新发展阶段，学位条例已不能满足实践需求，需要修改完善。在学位条例基础上制定学位法，是自1981年1月1日学位条例实施以来的第一次全面修订，是学位工作和教育法治建设的一项重大成果，意义重大、影响深远。学位法共7章45条，全面总结了学位条例实施以来学位工作改革发展的成果和经验，有针对性地破解学位工作中存在的问题，系统构建了中国特色的学位法律制度。一是强调学位工作坚持中国共产党的领导，全面贯彻国家的教育方针，践行社会主义核心价值观，落实立德树人根本任务，明确学位工作应当遵循教育规律，坚持公平、公正、公开，坚持学术自由与学术规范相统一的基本原则。

C | 二是在坚持学士、硕士、博士三级学位的基础上，明确学位包括学术学位、专业学位等类型，把实践探索的专业学位写入法律，并为未来探索新的学位类型留下制度空间。同时，在学位授予条件中，区别学术学位和专业学位，明确不同的要求。

D | 三是完善学位工作体制，规定国务院学位委员会、省级学位委员会、学位授予单位学位评定委员会的设置及职责，明确国务院学位委员会在国务院教育行政部门设立办事机构，明确国务院教育行政部门负责全国学位管理有关工作、省级人民政府教育行政部门负责本行政区域学位管理有关工作。四是明确学位授予资格取得的条件和审批的主体、程序，并规定硕士、博士学位授予点自主审核制度，扩大学位授予单位自主权。同时，强调国家的宏观调控，授权国务院学位委员会对相关学科授予点的设置、布局和学位授予另行规定条件和程序，突出加强基础学科、新兴学科、交叉学科建设和服务国家重大战略需求的导向。五是规定学位授予的条件和程序，授权学位授予单位根据法律规定的条件，制定本单位学位授予具体标准。强调学位授予单位制定学位授予具体标准时应当坚持科学的评价导向并充分听取相关方面意见。

E | 在附则中对境外个人申请学位、学位授予单位在境外授予学位、境外教育机构在境内授予学位等作了相应规定。

F | 六是构建学位质量保障体系，突出学位授予单位全过程质量管理，明确研究生导师的条件、职责和对研究生的要求。加强外部监督，规定国务院教育行政部门和省级学位委员会对学位授予单位、学位授予点进行质量评估的职责。明确法律责任，对不能保证所授学位质量的，责令限期整改；情节严重的，撤销相应的学位授予资格；学位申请人、学位获得者有学术不端等情形的，经学位评定委员会决议，不授予学位或者撤销学位。同时，规定学术复核、学位复核等争议解决机制和权益救济途径。下一步，国务院学位委员会、教育部将采取多种措施加强学位法的学习宣传和贯彻落实，以法律实施的成效推动提高人才自主培养质量、促进创新发展，建设教育强国、科技强国、人才强国，服务全面建设社会主义现代化国家。

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